Long COVID Recovery From the Inside Out: Detox, Supplements, and the Combination Therapies Worth Knowing About
We didn’t wait for permission to start fighting back.
Within days of getting sick — before the brain fog had even fully set in, before Shari was hospitalized, before we knew how bad it would get — I was researching. Not casually. Obsessively. I had already been taking NAC, high-dose Vitamin C, Vitamin D, and other immune-support supplements when the tile worker brought COVID into our home. And the moment the Delta variant hit us, I ramped everything up.
That instinct — research first, act fast, don’t wait for someone else to figure it out — came from 30 years of managing high-stakes projects and five years of training as a brain health coach. When you’ve spent your career solving complex problems under pressure, you don’t sit around hoping things get better on their own. You study the problem, build a plan, and execute.
So while the first article in this series described what COVID does to the brain, and the second article covered how PBM and neurofeedback helped us recover cognitively, this article is about what we were doing simultaneously — the supplement protocols, detoxification strategies, and combination therapies that addressed what was happening below the neck.
Because Long COVID isn’t one problem. It’s at least three: neurological, vascular, and immune. The neuropathy that hit both Shari and me — tingling, numbness, that unsettling sense that your nervous system is misfiring — doesn’t show up on a brain map. Neither does the fatigue that crashes your body at 2 PM despite eight hours of sleep. Neither does the immune dysregulation that makes you feel like you’re fighting a new infection every week.
These are the parts of Long COVID that require different tools. And finding those tools became my mission.
Why the Brain Wasn’t Enough: Long COVID as a Multi-System Condition
If you’ve read the earlier articles in this series, you know the core mechanisms: SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins bind to ACE2 receptors throughout the body, triggering neuroinflammation, vascular damage, and micro-clotting. You know that these changes show up on a QEEG as slowed brain rhythms, suppressed alpha, and inflammatory beta patterns.
But those same spike proteins don’t limit themselves to the brain. ACE2 receptors line your blood vessels, your lungs, your gut, your kidneys. The vascular damage and inflammatory cascade that cause brain fog also cause joint pain, fatigue, breathing difficulty, and immune dysregulation. Spike proteins have been found in monocytes up to 15 months after infection — meaning the inflammatory process can persist long after the acute illness has resolved.
This is why addressing only the neurological component of Long COVID, while essential, is incomplete. The brain needs energy and training — that’s what PBM and neurofeedback provide. But the body needs detoxification, vascular repair, and immune rebalancing. Those are different problems requiring different tools.
In our clinic, the best outcomes come from attacking the problem on multiple fronts. My constant research and study — reading every paper I could find, cross-referencing mechanisms, testing protocols on myself before recommending them — put us ahead of the curve. We were implementing spike protein detox strategies and targeted supplementation while most practitioners were still debating whether Long COVID was real. That research, combined with partnering with functional medicine practitioners for the systemic picture, is why approximately 25% of our client load at Total Neuro Solutions now involves coordinated multi-system Long COVID recovery — not just brain maps.
The Spike Protein Problem: Why Your Body Can’t Just “Get Over It”
Before diving into specific therapies, it’s worth understanding why Long COVID persists — because the answer shapes everything about how you approach recovery.
The conventional expectation with a viral illness is that you get sick, your immune system fights it off, and you recover. Long COVID breaks that model. And the spike protein is a major reason why.
Here’s what happens at the molecular level. When SARS-CoV-2 infects you, your immune system’s first-line antibodies (called Ab1) grab the spike proteins and create an “imprint” — essentially training your body to recognize and attack the virus. So far, so normal.
But your immune system has a regulatory mechanism. A second set of antibodies (Ab2) is designed to dial down the Ab1 response and bring your body back to equilibrium. The problem is that these Ab2 antibodies collect an imprint of the Ab1 imprint — and that second-generation imprint can sometimes mimic the shape and function of the original spike protein itself.
This is called the Network Hypothesis, and it may explain why Long COVID symptoms persist — and even worsen — months or years after the initial infection. Your own immune system may be producing molecular mimics of the very protein that’s causing the damage.
Add to this the documented finding that spike proteins persist in monocytes for 15+ months post-infection, and you begin to understand why “just wait it out” doesn’t work for many people. The inflammatory trigger hasn’t left. And for those whose Long COVID symptoms began after vaccination rather than infection, the same spike protein mechanism applies — the vaccines use the spike protein to train immunity, and in a small percentage of recipients, the same cascade of persistent inflammation can follow.
This is why detoxification — actively helping the body clear spike proteins and their downstream debris — matters. Your liver and kidneys filter your blood constantly, but they weren’t designed for this particular kind of molecular cleanup. They need help.
What We Actually Used: Our Supplement Protocol
Here’s what I want you to understand about supplements and Long COVID: no governing body regulates supplements the way the FDA regulates pharmaceuticals. That means two things. First, you need to do your own research and choose quality products. Second — and this is the part most people miss — you are responsible for your own health decisions. Don’t wait for a doctor to hand you the answer. Bring the research to your doctor. Demand the best care available. Be the most informed person in the room about your own condition.
What follows is not medical advice. It’s a detailed account of what I personally used during my recovery, what Shari used during hers, and the peer-reviewed research that informed every decision. My background as a certified brain health coach, combined with years of studying neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and immune response, gave me the framework to evaluate these supplements critically — not as a consumer reading marketing claims, but as a practitioner reading the mechanisms.
If something here resonates with your situation, print it out, bring it to your healthcare provider, and have a conversation. That’s how this is supposed to work.
NAC (N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine) — The Foundation
NAC was the backbone of our protocol — and I was already taking it before we even got sick.
NAC is a precursor of reduced glutathione — your body’s master antioxidant. It has documented antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulating properties. Research published in the Journal of Infection established the rationale for using NAC in both prevention and adjuvant therapy of COVID-19. It’s also been extensively used as a mucolytic agent to improve airway clearance — which mattered enormously during the acute phase, when my congestion was so thick I thought I’d suffocate at night.
But NAC’s role in Long COVID goes beyond mucus clearance. Combined with Bromelain, NAC is being researched for its ability to help degrade spike proteins. A study published in Viruses found that the combination of Bromelain and Acetylcysteine (BromAc) showed potential to reduce SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in host cells. We used both — NAC at 1200 mg twice daily, and Bromelain alongside it.
There’s also emerging research on the combination of Guanfacine (a prescription alpha-2A adrenoceptor agonist) with NAC for Long COVID brain fog specifically. A study at Yale found that 8 of 12 patients treated with Guanfacine plus 600 mg NAC daily showed improved working memory, concentration, and executive function. This is a prescription protocol — not something to self-prescribe — but it’s worth discussing with your doctor if cognitive symptoms are your primary complaint.
Nattokinase and Lumbrokinase — Targeting Micro-Clotting
One of the most important mechanisms in Long COVID is micro-clotting — tiny clots in the small blood vessels that reduce blood flow and oxygen delivery throughout the body. On an EEG, we see this as slowed brain rhythms. In the body, you experience it as fatigue, brain fog, joint pain, and exercise intolerance.
Nattokinase is a fibrinolytic enzyme produced by Bacillus subtilis during the fermentation of soybeans into the Japanese food natto. A 2022 study published in Molecules demonstrated that nattokinase degraded the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in a dose- and time-dependent manner in laboratory conditions. It’s important to note that this was an in vitro study — meaning it was conducted in a lab, not in humans — and clinical trials are still needed to confirm these effects in people. But the mechanistic logic is sound: if spike proteins are driving ongoing inflammation and clotting, an enzyme that degrades them addresses the root cause.
Lumbrokinase is a related fibrinolytic enzyme derived from earthworms (specifically Lumbricus rubellus). Research suggests it may be significantly more potent than Nattokinase at breaking down fibrin clots — some literature indicates it may be up to 300 times more potent than Serrapeptase and roughly 30 times more potent than Nattokinase in fibrinolytic activity.
We rotated between the two — using Nattokinase during some periods and Lumbrokinase during others. The rationale was to maintain consistent fibrinolytic support while varying the enzymatic pathway. This is an approach some functional medicine practitioners recommend, though I want to be clear: if you’re on blood-thinning medication (warfarin, apixaban, rivaroxaban, etc.), these enzymes can increase bleeding risk. Do not add them without medical guidance.
Quercetin + Zinc — Blocking the Entry Point
Quercetin is a flavonoid compound with established antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating properties. Research published in Frontiers in Pharmacology found that quercetin exhibits anti-COVID-19 activity because of its inhibitory effect on the expression of human ACE2 receptors — the very receptors that spike proteins use to enter cells. It also appears to inhibit key enzymes that SARS-CoV-2 uses for replication (MPro, PLPro, and RdRp).
Zinc acts as an intracellular antiviral agent, and quercetin functions as a zinc ionophore — essentially helping zinc get inside cells where it can do its work. Research published in Frontiers in Immunology confirmed zinc’s potential impact on COVID-19 pathogenesis. We used 1000 mg quercetin daily paired with 30 mg zinc — a combination that addresses both viral entry and intracellular defense.
Vitamin D3 — Immune System Calibration
A randomized clinical trial published in the Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal found that patients who received 5,000 IU Vitamin D3 daily recovered from hospital an average of 5 days sooner than those on lower doses. We used 5,000–10,000 IU daily — a therapeutic dose that should be monitored with blood work to avoid toxicity over long periods. Vitamin D3 doesn’t just support general immunity; it helps calibrate the immune response, which matters in a condition where the immune system is simultaneously overactive (inflammatory) and underperforming (unable to clear the virus).
Sulforaphane — Anti-Inflammatory and Antiviral
Sulforaphane is a compound found in cruciferous vegetables — particularly broccoli sprouts. Research published in Communications Biology (Nature) documented that sulforaphane can inhibit replication of SARS-CoV-2 both in vitro and in vivo at pharmacologically achievable concentrations. It also modulates the inflammatory response. It’s orally bioavailable, commercially available as a supplement, and has limited side effects — a rare combination in this space. We added it to our daily protocol for its dual anti-inflammatory and antiviral activity.
Therapeutic Melatonin — More Than a Sleep Aid
Most people know melatonin as a sleep supplement. But at therapeutic doses (2.5–10 mg), melatonin has documented antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects that are directly relevant to Long COVID.
On the antiviral side, melatonin decreases ACE2 surface expression and inhibits viral protein activation. On the antioxidant side, it scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) — the same ROS that overactive microglia produce during neuroinflammation. And on the anti-inflammatory side, it modulates NF-κB signaling, reduces cytokine production, and increases SIRT-1 activity. Research published in Journal of Pineal Research and Life Sciences has detailed these mechanisms extensively.
We used melatonin not as a sleep supplement but as a systemic anti-inflammatory and antioxidant — an approach our functional medicine colleagues supported.
Vinpocetine — Cerebrovascular Support
Vinpocetine is an alkaloid derivative of vincamine that inhibits phosphodiesterase type 1, increasing cyclic guanosine monophosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. In practical terms, it suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine release, mitigates oxidative stress through the MAPK signaling pathway, and may reduce the hyper-inflammatory cascade that characterizes Long COVID.
Research published in Inflammopharmacology specifically examined vinpocetine’s pulmonary and extra-pulmonary protective effects against COVID-19. We used it primarily for cerebrovascular support — improved blood flow and neuroprotection during the recovery period when brain metabolism was still compromised.
Shari’s LDN (Low-Dose Naltrexone) — Prescription Immune Modulation
Shari was also prescribed LDN (Low-Dose Naltrexone) by her physician. LDN is a prescription medication — this is not something available over the counter. Research published in the European Heart Journal — Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy found that LDN’s unique immune-modulating properties make it a potentially attractive therapeutic option for COVID-19, counteracting several pathogenic drivers of the disease through its effects on TLR signaling, autoantibody production, and platelet/immune-mediated thrombosis. A Phase 2 clinical trial (COLTREXONE) tested LDN both alone and in combination with colchicine for moderate COVID-19.
If immune dysregulation is a significant component of your Long COVID picture, LDN is worth discussing with your doctor.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
We also used high-dose omega-3 (1,000–8,000 mg range). Research published in Free Radical Biology & Medicine found that omega-3 fatty acids have potential in COVID-19 by reducing infection risk, speeding symptom resolution, decreasing risk of organ dysfunction, and increasing patient survival rate. At high doses, omega-3s serve as a systemic anti-inflammatory — which supports every other intervention in the protocol.
We’re building a dedicated Supplements We Recommend page with specific product links and dosage details. When it’s live, we’ll link it here. In the meantime, work with your healthcare provider to determine what’s appropriate for your situation.
Shari’s IV Nutrient Therapy
While our oral supplement protocol addressed systemic inflammation and spike protein persistence, Shari’s recovery required more aggressive nutritional support than oral supplements alone could deliver. Her physician prescribed IV nutrient therapy — specifically a combination of B-Complex vitamins, Vitamin B12, Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), and Magnesium.
This combination targets several Long COVID mechanisms simultaneously. The B-Complex vitamins and B12 support mitochondrial energy production and neurological function — both of which were severely compromised after Shari’s hospitalization. B12 in particular plays a critical role in myelin synthesis and nerve health, and deficiency is associated with fatigue, cognitive impairment, and neuropathy — symptoms that overlap almost entirely with Long COVID.
IV Vitamin C at therapeutic doses acts as a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. At the concentrations achievable through IV administration — far higher than what oral supplementation can deliver — Vitamin C helps neutralize the reactive oxygen species (ROS) that overactive microglia and inflammatory cascades produce. It also supports immune cell function and endothelial repair, addressing the vascular damage that characterizes Long COVID.
Magnesium is involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions in the body, including energy production, muscle and nerve function, and immune regulation. Many Long COVID patients are magnesium-depleted — chronic inflammation burns through magnesium reserves rapidly. IV delivery ensures absorption that bypasses any gut absorption issues, which are common in Long COVID patients with gastrointestinal symptoms.
The rationale for IV over oral was straightforward: after five days in the ICU that felt like a lifetime, followed by months of severely compromised health, Shari’s gut wasn’t absorbing nutrients efficiently. IV delivery bypassed the digestive system entirely and put the nutrients directly into her bloodstream at concentrations that oral supplements couldn’t match. Her physician monitored her levels throughout and adjusted dosages based on blood work.
This wasn’t a one-time treatment. Shari received multiple sessions over the course of her recovery, tapering frequency as her energy and lab values improved. It was one piece of a larger puzzle — but an important one during the phase when her body needed the most aggressive nutritional support.
The Advanced Modalities: How to Evaluate What’s Out There
Beyond supplements and neurotherapy, there are several clinical treatment modalities being used for Long COVID recovery that we believe you should know about. We haven’t used these personally — they fall outside what we offer at our clinic — but we’ve studied the research, and we refer clients to qualified practitioners when the clinical picture warrants it.
The key word in that sentence is evaluate. This section isn’t an endorsement of any specific treatment. It’s a practitioner’s guide to understanding what each modality does, what the research supports, and what questions to ask before committing time and money.
Apheresis — Filtering the Blood
Apheresis is essentially a blood filtration process. When you’ve had chronic infection and inflammation, your blood accumulates debris — fragments from viral overload, degraded tissue, inflammatory byproducts. These endotoxins are toxic to you, and your body has a difficult time healing while carrying them. Your liver and kidneys filter blood constantly, but they weren’t designed to filter this kind of debris.
Apheresis addresses this directly. The process removes blood, filters it to remove specific inflammatory components (such as C-reactive protein in CRP apheresis), and returns the cleaned blood. Research published in Frontiers in Immunology supports the hypothesis that CRP-mediated damage to oxygen-depleted lung tissue is a significant driver of severe COVID-19 outcomes, and that CRP apheresis starting early after symptom onset may help preserve lung tissue.
Other forms of apheresis are being studied for Long COVID with emerging positive results. Several clinics now offer HELP apheresis (Heparin-induced Extracorporeal LDL Precipitation) and INUSpheresis, which target micro-clots, inflammatory proteins, and spike protein fragments.
What to consider: Apheresis is expensive (often $2,000–$5,000+ per session), typically not covered by insurance for Long COVID, and available at a limited number of specialized clinics. Multiple sessions are usually required. It’s most commonly pursued by patients with severe, treatment-resistant symptoms who have not responded adequately to other approaches.
Ozone Therapy / EBOO
Ozone therapy, particularly in the form of EBOO (Extracorporeal Blood Oxygenation and Ozonation), combines blood filtration with ozone exposure. The key mechanism is mitochondrial: ozone restimulates damaged mitochondria, ramping up their ability to produce ATP and encouraging cells to generate new mitochondria.
If you recall from the second article in this series, mitochondrial dysfunction is central to Long COVID — it’s why photobiomodulation works as a first intervention. Ozone therapy addresses the same problem through a different pathway. Where PBM delivers near-infrared light to stimulate cytochrome c oxidase in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, ozone therapy uses activated oxygen to achieve a similar energetic boost.
What to consider: Ozone therapy is controversial in conventional medicine. It’s practiced widely in functional and integrative medicine settings, and many patients report significant improvements. But large-scale randomized controlled trials specific to Long COVID are limited. If you’re exploring this option, seek a practitioner who is experienced specifically with EBOO and can explain their protocol clearly.
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT)
HBOT places you in a pressurized chamber where you breathe pure oxygen. The combination of pressure and oxygen causes oxygen to dissolve in all the fluids of your body — every cell in every tissue in every organ becomes supersaturated with oxygen.
For Long COVID, where hypoxia (reduced oxygen) drives tissue damage throughout the body, the logic is straightforward: flood the system with the one thing it’s been starved of. HBOT has a long track record for wound healing, carbon monoxide poisoning, and decompression sickness. Its application to Long COVID is newer but mechanistically well-supported.
What to consider: HBOT sessions typically run 60–90 minutes and require 20–40 sessions for Long COVID. Cost ranges from $100–$300 per session depending on the facility. Some patients report dramatic improvements; others see modest gains. Mild HBOT (1.3 ATA in soft chambers) is more accessible and less expensive than clinical-grade HBOT (2.0+ ATA in hard chambers), but the evidence base is stronger for higher-pressure protocols.
IV Therapies — NAD+ and Sodium Ascorbate
Two IV therapies come up repeatedly in the Long COVID literature: NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and sodium ascorbate (a form of Vitamin C).
NAD+ is critical for mitochondrial function and SIRT1 activation — both of which are compromised in Long COVID. Research published in Redox Biology found that high levels of oxidative stress deplete NAD+, decreasing SIRT1 activity, and that nutritional support with NAD+ precursors could minimize disease severity. IV administration bypasses the digestive system and delivers NAD+ directly to the bloodstream at concentrations that oral supplementation can’t match.
Sodium ascorbate (IV Vitamin C) supports mitochondrial health and has documented anti-inflammatory effects at high doses. The combination of NAD+ and sodium ascorbate targets the mitochondrial dysfunction that underlies so many Long COVID symptoms.
What to consider: IV therapies require a qualified practitioner (typically a functional medicine doctor or naturopath with IV certification). Sessions run $200–$500+ depending on the therapy and location. They’re generally well-tolerated but should be supervised by someone who understands the full picture of your health.
Stem Cells — The Last Resort
Stem cell therapy is positioned as the most aggressive regenerative option. If other modalities bring you to the top of the recovery mountain and you need that final push to regenerate tissues that have been damaged, stem cells offer the most powerful regenerative potential currently available.
What to consider: Stem cell therapy for Long COVID is expensive ($5,000–$25,000+), not covered by insurance, and the evidence base is still early. Regulatory oversight varies significantly depending on the type of stem cells and the jurisdiction. This is not a first-line treatment — it’s an option to explore when other approaches have been exhausted and significant tissue damage remains. Seek a provider affiliated with an accredited research institution or clinical trial when possible.
Building Your Recovery Team — Starting With Yourself
If there’s one takeaway from this article, it’s this: don’t outsource your recovery to a single practitioner and hope for the best.
The reason Shari and I recovered as well as we did wasn’t just because we had access to neurofeedback equipment and PBM devices. It was because I spent hundreds of hours researching — reading every paper on spike protein persistence, micro-clotting, mitochondrial dysfunction, and immune modulation I could find. My brain health coach training gave me the framework. My background in systems thinking and project management gave me the discipline to organize what I was learning into an actionable protocol. And Shari’s clinical expertise as a QEEG diplomate and board-certified neurofeedback specialist gave us the ability to see the neurological picture in real time.
Most people don’t have that combination of resources. But here’s what you can do: become the most informed person in the room about your own condition. Don’t accept “nothing is wrong” from a doctor who hasn’t looked at your brain map or your inflammatory markers. Don’t assume that because a treatment isn’t mainstream, it isn’t valid. And don’t wait.
Build your team. That team might include a neurofeedback provider for the brain (QEEG-guided, not symptom-based), a functional medicine doctor for the systemic picture (immune, gut, vascular), and — when needed — specialists for specific modalities like HBOT, IV therapy, or apheresis. But you are the project manager of your own recovery. Nobody else will coordinate this for you.
The best outcomes we see in our clinic happen when patients agree to advocate for their own health and commit to getting educated. Most of them don’t arrive already knowing what a QEEG is. They’ve never heard the term “alpha peak frequency” or “micro-clotting.” But they’re open. They’re willing to learn what their brain data can tell them. They ask questions. They take the research home and read it. And when they bring that willingness to engage into the treatment process, everything moves faster — not because the technology works differently for motivated people, but because recovery from a multi-system condition requires active participation, not passive compliance.
If you’re experiencing persistent Long COVID symptoms, here’s where to start:
Get a quantitative EEG. It’s the single most informative assessment for understanding how COVID has affected your brain. Not every neurofeedback provider does QEEG — look for a board-certified practitioner (BCN) and QEEG Diplomate (QEEG-D) who understands how to read and interpret each individual’s EEG.
Find a functional medicine doctor. This is your system-level partner. They can order the blood work, evaluate your immune and inflammatory markers, guide supplement protocols, and coordinate referrals for advanced modalities if needed.
Be your own advocate. If you’ve been told “nothing is wrong” despite persistent symptoms, seek a second opinion from someone who understands Long COVID as a multi-system condition. The brain maps don’t lie. The blood markers don’t lie. And your experience is real.
The Body Wants to Heal
I said something in the first article of this series that I want to repeat here: the brain is not a broken machine. It’s an adaptive system. The same is true of the body.
COVID did real damage to us. Shari nearly died. I pushed through in ways that probably made things worse. But the body, like the brain, responds to the right inputs. Energy. Detoxification. Reduction of inflammatory load. Restoration of blood flow. Time.
Not every person will need every intervention described in this article. Some may recover with supplements alone. Others will need the full spectrum — neurotherapy, detox protocols, IV support, and beyond — or some combination thereof. The point isn’t to do everything. The point is to understand what’s available, evaluate it honestly, and build a recovery plan that matches your situation.
That’s what this series has been about. Not hype. Not miracle cures. Just what we’ve observed, what we’ve lived through, and what the research supports — shared with the transparency you deserve.
Because Long COVID is real. The damage is measurable. And recovery is possible.
This is the third and final article in our Long COVID Awareness Month 2026 series. Read the first article: What Long COVID Does to Your Brain — And How We Knew Before Anyone Had a Name for It. Read the second article: Neurofeedback and Light Therapy for Long COVID: The Protocol That Helped Us Recover.
David Johansson is a neurofeedback practitioner, certified brain health coach, and the founder of TheBrainAndBody.com. He works alongside his wife Shari Johansson (MA, LPC, BCN, QEEG-D) at Total Neuro Solutions in Colorado.
Affiliate Disclosure: Some links on this site are affiliate links. I only recommend products I have personally evaluated, used, or believe in based on my professional experience. Affiliate relationships never influence my assessments or recommendations.
References
Journal Articles and Reviews
- Kopańska M, Banaś-Ząbczyk A, Łagowska A, Kuduk B, Szczygielski J. Changes in EEG recordings in COVID-19 patients as a basis for more accurate QEEG diagnostics and EEG neurofeedback therapy: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021;10(6):1300. doi:10.3390/jcm10061300. PMID: 33809957.
- Tanikawa T, Kiba A, et al. Degradative effect of nattokinase on spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Molecules. 2022;27(17):5405. doi:10.3390/molecules27175405. PMID: 36080170.
- De Flora S, Balansky R, La Maestra S. Rationale for the use of N-acetylcysteine in both prevention and adjuvant therapy of COVID-19. Journal of Infection. 2020;81(2):e102–e103. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.046. PMID: 32234453.
- Tenforde MW, Self WH, Ginde AA, et al. Point prevalence estimates of activity-limiting long-term symptoms among US adults with COVID-19. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2023;227(7):855–863. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiac256. PMID: 35776165.
- Gasmi A, Tippairote T, Mujawdiya PK, et al. Quercetin in the prevention and treatment of coronavirus infections. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022;13:940338. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.940338. PMID: 36145270.
- Wessels I, Rolles B, Rink L. The potential impact of zinc supplementation on COVID-19 pathogenesis. Frontiers in Immunology. 2020;11:1712. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01712. PMID: 32754164.
- Sabico S, Enani MA, Sheshah E, et al. Effects of a 2-week 5000 IU versus 1000 IU vitamin D3 supplementation on recovery of symptoms in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19: A randomized clinical trial. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 2021;29(12):1426–1434. doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2021.10.007. PMID: 35355776.
- Rogero MM, Leão MC, Santana TM, et al. Potential benefits and risks of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation to patients with COVID-19. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2020;156:190–199. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.07.005. PMID: 32710975.
- Anderson G, Reiter RJ. Melatonin: Roles in influenza, Covid-19, and other viral infections. Journal of Pineal Research. 2020;69(3):e12662. doi:10.1111/jpi.12662. PMID: 32314850.
- Sattar Y, Connerney M, Rauf H, et al. Low-dose naltrexone for post-COVID-19 syndrome: A case series. European Heart Journal – Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 2022;8(4):408–410. doi:10.1093/ehjcvp/pvac018. PMID: 35393217.
- Orosz M, McCulloch DJ, Hwaiz R, et al. Sulforaphane exhibits antiviral activity against pandemic SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal HCoV-OC43 coronaviruses in vitro and in mice. Communications Biology. 2022;5:10. doi:10.1038/s42003-022-03189-z. PMID: 35304580.
Presentations and Gray Literature
- Johansson S. Long COVID: An EEG-based perspective. National presentation; 2023.
- AMA Regenerative Medicine. Long COVID detox treatment modalities overview. Organizational/clinical document.
- International Long COVID Awareness. 4th Annual Global Campaign. longcovidawareness.life; 2026.
